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Hymenoptera is a strongly diversified insect order pooling numerous data which are human activities beneficials. Apoidea represent an important group of this order. Many species of the latter assume the largest part of pollination and contribute to the ecosystems dynamic. Meanwhile, a literature overview reveal a real lack of these taxa knowledge, even at the most fundamental level. This is particularly sensitive in certain cases, such as Old World Panurginae. The present work reports a general revision of this subfamily. First, the relative position of Panurginae in Andrenidae was studied, and the Alexander and Michener's conclusions about the phylogenetic affinities between Andrenidae subfamilies were improved. Secondly, the Palearctic and Paleotropical Panurginae systematic and taxonomy revision was realized and combined to a biogeographic study of the species. Results were synthesized in a synonymic list and several determination keys. Moreover a cartographic illustration was proposed for most species. The study lead to count 13 genera in the Old World fauna. They are distributed between six tribes and the more heterogenous are subdivised into several subgenera. Phylogenetic reconstruction among Panurginae widely confirmed the proposed classification. All the described taxa correspond to monophylous entities. Geographic distributions of Panurginae were also analyzed and allowed several conclusions on the species general ecology, spreading modes and phylogeny. This work underlined the Turco-persian area notable biodiversity, characterized three high biodiversity centers and described several characteristics of the Panurginae distribution.

Apidae --- Apidae --- Biogeography --- Biogeography --- identification. --- identification --- taxonomy --- taxonomy --- Europe --- Europe

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Diet --- Life Style --- Self Care --- Aging --- standards --- trends --- physiology --- Europe.

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Personeelsmanagement --- Organisatieverandering --- PW --- Volvo Cars Europe Industry, Gent

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The aim of the work underlying this thesis was to develop an approach for making projections of the European forest resource. It was also to perform such analyses of the future development and management of European forests under possibly conflicting demands for nature and wood products, under the assumption that a change towards a nature-oriented forest management would become increasingly important. The approach taken was a quantitative modelling study of the forest resource, its management and the forest sector. The modelling involved simulating the development of a (delineated) forest area under alternative management regines. This approach had to allow the outcome of alternative forest management regimes. This approach had to allow the outcome of alternative forest management regimes to be quantified, given certain national or European level goals. The outcomes had to provide relable information on wood supply, biodiversity value as revealed by indicators, and the sustainability of the management. It was shown that a nature-oriented forest management is very feasible in European forests. The local changes in management will lead to higher biodiversity value at the sites where they are applied and will not lead to shortfalls in wood production in the short to medium term. A striking - quantified - finding is the inertia of a large forest resource, i.e. (modest) changes in management affect the autonomous development of a forest resource to a certain extent only. Management changes beginning today will only show a visible impact after some 5 to 6 decades. These characteristics of European forests provide owners and policy makers with considerable freedom in how to use their forests. Although the forest resource in Europe is large and increasing , the results have shown that felling levels and mortality rates will be very close or in some cases above the net annual increment. This is paradoxical : a large and increasing forest resource, yet difficulties in producing sufficient amounts of wood to meet demand. Nature-oriented management not only leads to increased biodiversity values at the sites where it is applied, but may also endanger the sustainability of the forest management in other regions, because the same amount of wood has to be produced in a smaller area.

forests --- forest management --- forest resources --- models --- biodiversity --- sustainability --- forest products --- wood --- nature conservation --- europe

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Law of civil procedure --- Comparative law --- International private law --- Provisional remedies --- -Provisional remedies --- -Civil procedure --- Remedies (Law) --- Theses --- -Theses --- Civil procedure --- Provisional remedies - Netherlands. --- Provisional remedies - Europe.